Sunday, March 22, 2009

Why I Won’t Be Playing Resident Evil 5, Part One: Reinforcing the Stereotype of a Black Threat (aka “The Other”)

Having wrestled with the decision for a long time, I’ve finally reached some personal conclusions that I’d like to outline in my next few posts. There’s simply too much to discuss in Resident Evil 5 for one single blog post, so I’m going to break it down into a few pieces expressing my views on the game itself and also its coverage in the gaming press. Here goes.

I’ve been a fan of the Resident Evil series since Resident Evil 2 was released in 1998 and, truthfully, I am sad to be passing up the fifth instalment now after being a fan of eleven years. I’m not going to forsake the series altogether, but after researching for this article I just can’t reconcile my desire to play the game with its representation of Africans and the use of violent imagery as it is in RE5.

From a story and love-of-the-series perspective, I really do want to find out what’s happened to Jill, how Wesker’s plot will be resolved (if it ever is) and how the hell the Mansion comes back into play (if that even is the Mansion shown in trailers). However, from what I’ve played of the demo, seen in trailers, and read about in the bevy of articles written prior to its release, it seems to me that Capcom has released a socially irresponsible product in Resident Evil 5 that I simply cannot justify playing for myself. I don’t want to tacitly accept its ill conceived messages, and I hate to think of how many people may play the game without ever giving it the critical look it deserves. It’s not that RE5 is the only game that has skirted the lines of political correctness, but it’s a prime example of a game that players should be giving serious thought to why they are playing, and what they are gaining from the experience, be it positive or negative.

To give some context to my feelings about RE5, I think I need to identify myself a bit. I am a white middle class, able-bodied, male. I’m privileged over many people in so many ways—experiencing a system of unearned benefits every day—and I must always recognize this in order to be the socially responsible person I aspire to be. I have no conception of what it is like to be discriminated against in any significant way. I have never struggled financially, experienced what it is like to be a person of color (POC), or experienced the challenges disabled individuals face.

Now you may be reading this thinking “Okay, well, RE5 never goes out of its way to be explicitly racist or discriminatory to people of African decent or anyone else. Besides, we’ve all killed thousands of zombies of every creed (especially Spanish in RE4) in all the Resident Evil games since the first. Why should I feel any different about killing African zombies than Spanish ones? Why do you, Reid?”

Well, there’s a good laundry list of reasons, but it starts with me not understanding what it’s like to be a POC. When I’m talking about racism, I don’t mean the overt kind that isn’t socially acceptable, like racial slurs, denying job opportunities or outright violence towards people of color: I mean a more subtle kind of racism, one that is no less damaging or inappropriate. The kind that keeps people from taking a seat next to a POC on the bus because they are vaguely uncomfortable, or the kind that makes you cross the street from someone different from you at night so you don’t have to cross paths with them. My problem with RE5 is that it reinforces this kind of thinking. After a few days of playing the game, it can and will become engrained in some players’ minds that a black body is a dangerous one. If this translates into real life, even if the player knows it is silly to think a black person might be a zombie, or more particularly a dangerous threat, if the thought so much as enters a player’s mind after playing the game, then is that not fostering racism? Is that not participating in racist behaviour?

This may be difficult to imagine, but I know that for me, after playing a game like Tony Hawk or Skate for weeks on end I start to see things in the real world that look like I could trick off of or grind. I know that after playing horde in Gears of War for a couple of days it becomes second nature to see objects, real-world ones, as cover for a would-be gunfight. I feel like I learned the basic mechanics of driving a car from Grand Theft Auto III. I realize in the moment that it is silly, but it is a lens through which my world experience is filtered, simply because of the media that I choose to consume and experience most days: videogames. I imagine it is the same for many.

If I chose to purchase and play Resident Evil 5 and found that it functioned to make me, in any way, relate seeing a black person specifically as a threat (even on some very small level) I would be extremely disappointed and ashamed, to say the least. But if I am honest with myself, and I hope anyone that reads this article and also chooses to play RE5 is with themselves as well, could I truly make the claim that this would never happen to me if I played RE5? I don’t know. Maybe being aware of this potential issue I could avoid it, but how many people that will play RE5 without a critical eye will have this same experience and not be able to identify it? How will someone who is ambivalent (no, ‘ambivalent’ is not a synonym of ‘indifferent)’ towards black people digest the information, that black people are threats, after playing Resident Evil 5? How would a member of the black community feel playing White-as-Snow, Super-Buff Chris Redfield, killing skinny, starving, fully-dark African one after another, zombie or no? There is reinforced imagery and behaviour happening in doing this, even if the player is able to remind themselves that these Africans are simply zombies.

“Early on in the game a group of black Africans are seen beating a bag with a body inside. When Chris approaches them they stop, the bag is motionless and they stare menacingly at Chris. There is no suggestion that the men are infected.” - Wesley Yin-Poole, Videogamer.com

How would this imagery, for instance, be perceived by someone who has never played a RE game before? This is the first RE on this generation of consoles, so there is a strong likelihood that it will be attracting many new players who aren’t used to the tropes of the RE universe. This scene seems menacing, to be sure, and it sets a tone, but it’s so straightforward in its brutishness that it is problematic. In the beginning of Resident Evil 4 there is a similar tone-setting scene in which one of the two police officers that escort the player to the infected town is discovered impaled and burning in the middle of the village. The villagers are going about their work as usual, ignoring the burning body. This scene seems so horrific, and so outlandish that it’s clear that it’s meant to provoke scares, showing the player what these infected people are capable of.

But a beating in the street? It’s clear that these men couldn’t put Chris Redfield in a sack and knock him around. And there’s no sign that what they’re doing, publicly beating somebody, is any different from their normal routine when Chris arrives. It’s not a horror mechanic showing an extreme and unbelievable violence to shock the audience. It’s a mundane, contemporary kind of violence that actually happens in real life. Why choose to use this kind of imagery now, Capcom, when the game is set in an impoverished nation that is not predominately white? Why is violence so much more real, so much more normalized, now that Resident Evil is set in Africa?

This use of imagery, whether intended as racist or not, quite simply is racist, even if I don’t personally believe that Capcom desired to create a racist product. The imagery used is a message open to interpretation, and there is a strong likelihood that it will be interpreted in ways outside of the simple zombie vs. human dynamic, and I highly doubt that Capcom was blind to this possibility. Were they right in releasing Resident Evil 5? Was it necessary to set it in Africa, and contemporize the violence used? Did this chapter in the Resident Evil saga actually need its own blockbuster game to be told, or could it have simply been a sidenote in the lore, eliminating the need for the repeated use of imagery of violence against blacks?

More thoughts coming soon. Thanks for reading.

37 comments:

  1. See, that would make sense, except that white people are always the bad guys in the other games. Did you start to see white people as a threat?

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  2. I'm sorry, but I do believe you're thinking too much into the matter. This kind of "contemporary" violence you mentioned is portrayed in a myriad of video games of this current generation as well as the last one. The fact that black people are added to the mix doesn't change anything. This game is not a 'subtle' form of racism. It's just a video game. The fact that you're seeing it as racist is, in itself, racist.

    Also, the acronym POC (person of color, i'm assuming) just sounds negative. You talk like being black is akin to being diagnosed with leprosy.

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  3. Like Carl said, your argument might make sense if you addressed, in any way, the same potential in other games. You even admit to learning "the basic mechanics of driving a car" from GTA3. Did you also learn that all Italians are meatball-eating mafiosos or that you can gun bystanders down at whim? Obviously not. Don't blame Capcom or anyone involved in the production of this game for bringing your own racist tendencies to the surface.

    You vaguely address the obvious counterpoint that the zombies in RE4 were also of a particular ethnicity, yet you have no qualms about admitting that you "killed thousands" of them. Is that because they appear outwardly more similar to yourself, even if they are speaking Spanish? After RE4, did you go fight or flight every time you entered a Mexican restaurant? The fact that you don't address this but have such serious opinions about the ethnicity of the antagonists in RE5 means only one thing: You're a racist. Congratulations. You differentiate between killing Spaniards or Italians or other white people from killing Africans. Why? If I were to believe your pompous politically correct bullshit, you shouldn't differentiate at all, because we're all equal human beings. You obviously don't think this way, however.

    Aside from the fact that you're attempting to dismiss your latent racism with a ridiculous show of indignance and politically correct rhetoric which did little more than reinforce the message you think you're speaking against (ie. "everyone should be treated equally because we're all the same"),you obviously have no appreciation for the story you say you're so interested in. You are the kind of person who believes Mark Twain should be banned because he uses the word "nigger." Mark Twain wasn't racist, and neither is RE5. The characters and setting are integral and inextricable to the story. If that offends you, deal with it. The game is set in Africa, and the foes are - surprise - Africans. What the hell did you expect? No one's up in arms about killing Germans or Japanese in any one of the countless WW2 FPSs available across basically every console from the last three generations. I didn't even hear dissent about the portrayal of Middle-Eastern radicals in Call of Duty:MW, which is far more contemporary and far more relevant seeing as the United States is engaged in a very real war with such groups in REAL FUCKING LIFE. Those games contain that kind of violence that's "mundane," "contemporary" and "that actually happens in real life." Just because it's a military setting doesn't change the fact the the object of the game is to kill them. Get your head out of your ass.

    Appreciate RE5 for what it is: a game (and a great one at that) and a piece of art, and the next time you're about to put your close-minded, idiotic thoughts onto the internet to reveal to everyone how much of a closet racist you are, don't.

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  4. Nicolas,

    POC is the politically correct and accepted term (among academia and mainstream culture). It substitutes the term nonwhite without having to specify an exact ethnicity, which white individuals rarely have to do. It also allows POC not to have identify as nonwhite (as if that's the only way to be defined).

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  5. P.S Calling attention to racism does not make one racist. It makes one a socially aware and responsible citizen, and in this case, a socially aware and responsible gamer.

    Reid's analysis was intelligent and provided a critical analysis of racism that is too often accepted.

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  6. "POC" may be accepted among academia and mainstream culture, but it's still a generalizing blanket-term that just flat-out sounds negative. It's alienating. No one wants to be referred to as an acronym.

    Also, Calling attention to the fact that these characters are black and citing that as the only reason the game is racist does NOT make one socially aware and responsible. It just makes one racist. (even if they have good intentions)

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  7. I enjoy the knee jerk reactions from privileged white assholes. Makes sense.

    David, your critique full of comments like "get your head out of your ass" and calling someone who is addressing racism IN a game a racist, demonstrates an easy way for you to write off any validity to the fact that this game contains racist elements.

    This game reinforces negative and dominant cultural stereotypes, further marginalizing the already marginalized. Reid is NOT a racist for pointing out this cultural belief; it exists. The fact that you made this argument though, does say something interesting about you. You can now write off this argument of any possibility of racism within this game, and go back to your basement and game it up with your buddies--wipe your conscious free. Weeee.

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  9. Nicholas, POC would sound negative if I was having a conversation with someone and used this term rather than saying "person of color" or "man of color". However, when writing using this acronym to refer to "person of color" to be brief and for the ease of reading (like all other acronyms) is acceptable. That IS what an acronym is for.

    Also, see comment above about dominant cultural stereotypes. Reid was not the creator of these, they prevail in our society, calling them OUT does not mean he made them UP and does not make HIM a racist. It makes him responsible.

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  10. David,

    You're right: I could and should direct more attention towards some other examples of racism in games, but I wanted to keep this article focused on RE5 because it's in the spotlight right now, and for this exact reason. I'm hoping to bring that into the discussion in one of my next few posts. RE5 isn't the first, or only, game with racist elements. It's just the first and only I've written about.

    Thanks for your thoughts

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  12. Regardless of it's form, terms such as "man of color" or "person of color" are dehumanizing and alienating. When one pays special attention to being "politically correct", one comes off as being arrogant. I'm white. If someone called me a person of no or little color, I'd be detered from ever speaking to that person again.

    Also, while this person may not be racist. Seeing racism in something that is not inherently racist is indeed a form of racism. Just because a video game contains black people doesn't mean its sending a racist message. Refusing to play it does not make him (or anyone else for that matter) responsible either.

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  13. Nicholas,

    I don't think it's fair to label RE5 as something that is inherently "racism free." Regardless of whether or not you agree with my opinions, there has been plenty of debate in the gaming community over this matter for months leading up to the game's release. Clearly, I am not the only person that feels that RE5 skirts too closely to being overtly racist. Let me refer you to a few articles from both sides of the debate, to illustrate that there is more than a small amount of concern about the portrayal of race in RE5:

    http://penny-arcade.com/comic/2009/2/18/

    http://www.videogamer.com/news/06-03-2009-10832-1.html

    http://www.joystiq.com/2009/03/06/anthropologist-says-resident-evil-5-is-not-racist-takeuchi-cont/

    http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123672060500987853.html

    http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2009/03/11/re5-cinematic-director-says-capcom-has-been-sensitive-about-race-in-game/

    http://kotaku.com/5168396/days-before-resident-evil-5-release-race-debate-spikes-again

    Thanks again for the discussion. Keep it coming, and keep it polite and productive.

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  14. Jess, you should read the book, "The Definitive Guide to Things White People Like." Your post about "social awareness" and you general fervent anti-racism stance reminded me of it. "Awareness" is specifically mentioned, as well as having black friends (as an example of being anti-racism).

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  15. Carl, it sounds similar to the blog "stuff white people do." There was a recent post about having black friends as a thing white people do.

    If you think I am just pretend to be "aware" to rid myself of embedded racism you are wrong. Its an active engagement that involves an entire lifestyle, and I spend much time challenging my own stereotypes and feelings.

    I am not just "not playing a game" to be "socially aware" and "anti-racist". I am aware of the surface things/acts people do to appear or feel socially aware and engaged (like the things that people do that are listed on the blog I mentioned and it sounds like in the book you recommended), and I assure you I am not simply befriending POC to be anti-racist...or anything along those lines.

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  16. Also, the Penny Arcade comic you posted is designed to counter your opinion, it's saying that it's only racist because it's a white person shooting a black person.
    Same with the Joystiq article, you're posting references that contradict your view. The Kotaku article even goes as far as to say that you should *play* the game and decide for yourself.
    Things are only as racist as you see them, if you see racism everywhere, you may want to reevaluate your own views.

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  17. Here is the link to Stuff White People Do if you are interested:

    http://stuffwhitepeopledo.blogspot.com/

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  18. Carl, in the post where Reid listed those links he says "Let me refer you to a few articles from both BOTH sides of the debate."

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  19. Jess, I have no idea what you just said. In an effort to be completely politically correct, you seem to have lost the ability to effectively communicate. If you aren't already on one, I suggest you join either a committee or the local PTSO as soon as possible.

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  20. It was pretty straight forward.

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  21. All those articles have valid points that contradict his his argument, even suggesting that people do the exact opposite of what he has done. At most, they are neutral, none agree with him. If there is a good way to dismantle your side of the debate, that's it.

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  22. After your inability to understand my straightforward statements, it is clear we cannot "effectively communicate."

    I think though that the problem resides somewhere with the reader in this instance, and more importantly, with a reader whose dominant views are being challenged, and perhaps, just perhaps, he may be feeling a little concerned about that.

    I think that may have been the entire point.

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  23. "Its an active engagement that involves an entire lifestyle, and I spend much time challenging my own stereotypes and feelings."

    Are you saying that's not loaded to the brim with canned phrases and politically-correct jargon? I don't have a dominant viewpoint, I have a respective viewpoint that all people should be treated the same, regardless of color. Saying a game is horrible because black people are some of the bad guys in it is pretty racist, though it's meant to be beneficial. If anything, *you* should be concerned about your viewpoint, as long as people aren't treated equally, they won't be.

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  24. I think that you're blowing things out of proportion here.

    There is the obvious issue of other games displaying the violence and depravity of various other races. Why do you not question the obvious "racism" in those games?

    Like Carl and Nicholas said, RE4 dehumanized Spanish people. Why is it that you had no qualms against shooting them? Is it just African Americans that you have a problem with?

    If you are such a humanitarian, why are you just sitting on your ass, writing a blog? Why, if you care so much, not take a more active role in protesting against this game?

    It's because you don't really care. You're just writing this to make yourself feel better.

    While I do think that we should look at video games critically and keep an open mind, I don't think that you should refuse to play every single game (read: every single game) that has even remotely racist undertones (read: every single game). Plus, a single person boycotting a single video game is going to change much.

    If I may be blunt, your impact won't be felt, and nobody really cares.

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  25. Reid, you've done a pretty good job with your site. You have a way of writing that really draws reader response. That is a skill in and of itself, so good job. It's also clear you think things over and do some research. Also commendable.

    But I can't help but think this is terribly over-complicated.

    Is it really saying *anything* that a simple zombie game that takes place in Africa features African zombies? Wouldn't it be at least a little weird if a game set in Africa featured non-African zombies?

    I remember in KotOR, the first character who died during the story was black. We were criticized for that during development and as a result changed him to white. I don't understand. We weren't making social commentary about the character's race. There was no racial "humor" in the scene. We were telling a story about someone helping you escape a dangerous situation. They sacrificed themselves so that you could progress.

    I can get behind an argument like, "Hey, Game X *could* have had characters of any race - based on a neutral setting - but they were primarily white. Maybe they should have created some diversity."

    And I can get behind an argument like, "Hey, Game X glorifies rough caricatures negatively stereotyping a group of people." As my gf pointed out, San Andreas comes to mind (which isn't to say SA is an invalid form of storytelling, but that it doesn't push forward by moving away from the same tired depictions).

    And shoot, I'm one of many who have complained about games striving to be "serious and mature" while simultaneously objectifying women to varying degrees (Jade Empire - one of the characters had an outfit smaller than Julia's street-walkin' outfit in Pretty Woman, and then there's the threesome which many felt played out as a 14-year-old boy's fantasy).

    In other words, if the argument is that we can do better, then I'll agree. We can do better.

    But I just don't understand how African zombies in Africa are a problem. Maybe you're upcoming articles will do a better job of making that point, but so far it's not connecting with me.

    Final comment, mature-rated games require the ability to differentiate realism and fantasy. Now, I'm not saying that after a long round of gaming with Battlefield I don't look at jeeps a little differently for a while, I agree with you there, but you're implying that there's a possibility that a game, where players shoot zombies, will impact people's perceptions of black people. We can't cater to the problem people. If people are going to be that easily affected, then they probably have problems that they need to work through.

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  26. To whoever called my previous post a "knee-jerk" reaction (Jess,I believe), yes, it was. Nothing gets my knees a-jerkin' more than backwards politically correct concepts and language. The crusade for political correctness is little more than an inverted "White Man's Burden" in which we have to let everyone know, in the most obnoxious manner possible, that we respect differences such as culture and skin color. This is a preposterous expectation. I respect individuals by showing them respect, not by reassuring them with ridiculous terms like "POC," which is probably more offensive than reassuring. I assume black people, as well as people of other ethnicities will treat me likewise when they see that I'm treating them as an equal instead of going "I acknowledge that you are of a different ethnic origin than myself, and I assure you that that will not affect my behavior towards you." It's just redundant.

    As far as your comments go, Jess, I can hardly find an intelligible one among the bunch. If you're on my case about arguing for a game which reinforces "negative and dominant cultural stereotypes," fair enough. But I always thought that the cultural stereotypes against zombies were pretty dominantly negative, so the argument is irrelevant. I agree completely with Bobisimo on this point. If you're playing this game and saying to yourself "wow,I sure am having a lot of fun shooting all these black people" instead of "wow,I sure am having a lot of fun shooting all these zombies," there is something wrong with YOU. Your PERCEPTION of what you are witnessing is skewed, not the product itself.

    Reid, thank you for being courteous in your response. I'm sorry about the abrasive nature of my initial response. I was all ablaze with passion. But addressing potential racist messages in other games is exactly the OPPOSITE of what I'm saying should be done. You can find racism anywhere if you're looking for it. Like I said, the presence of black people in a game set in Africa isn't racist, it's accurate. They didn't choose to make the zombies black, they chose to set the game in Africa. These are two very different things.

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  27. There is no such thing as racism. The only difference here is is that a culturally different people are the main 'evil' and that it somehow is discriminating them that way.

    All people are just 1 race. Maybe I'm just retentive about semantics.

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  28. Sorry bro, the game isn't racist. You're just an overly PC white person.

    -A negro

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  29. Reading through a second time, I feel that the following statement is more racist than anything in RE5, which I have played all the way through.

    "I have never struggled financially, experienced what it is like to be a person of color (POC), or experienced the challenges disabled individuals face."

    Nowhere in RE5 are you made to feel like "YES KILL THOSE NIGGERS" or anything even close. The feeling is always "defend yourself from ZOMBIES, or die"

    Ahhhh, you white people make me so angry sometimes.

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  30. I hope that last comment was meant to be ironic.

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  31. If we're talking about irony, it's worth noting that all the hate on people who try to be PC is an example of direct discrimination ;-)

    I've never played any games in the RE series, and I certainly haven't followed the development of RE5. But from what I can see, I think that the claims of racism (both in the original post and in the comments that follow) are being made mostly from gut feel.

    http://www.uregina.ca/hr/hdpo/understanding-and-recognizing/what-is-discrimination

    In the above article (and legally too, I believe), three classifications of discrimination are defined: direct, indirect, and systemic. As Reid has mentioned, RE5 is clearly not trying to be racist and thus is not classified as direct discrimination. I would also venture that it is not an example of systemic discrimination, because video games don't have much of a precedent for killing hordes of black people (infected or not).

    But can RE5 be classified as indirect discrimination? Does it "adversely impact members of a protected group"? I believe that the answer is no. Some weak arguments can be made as to how it might affect the "image" of black people, but the fact is that it has no real authority to make anyone treat black people differently than they normally would. In fact, I challenge anyone to produce an example of a work of art or literature that is definitively classified as indirect discrimination.

    Incidentally, this also renders invalid all of the above arguments that the original post is an example of racism itself.

    Now, let's look at this from a different perspective. There are clearly examples of literature that can be classified as works of direct or systemic discrimination (Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" comes to mind as an example of the latter). But can the act of reading such a book be considered an act of discrimination? Surely, if it is done for a hateful purpose or to adversely impact a protected group of people; but the simple act of reading alone is passive to the intent of the work and cannot be considered discrimination. For this reason, I believe that it is impossible to consider yourself racist for having played a game that includes racist content.

    Maybe it isn't a fear of racism that's keeping you from playing RE5. Maybe it's something simpler - maybe you just don't want to spend hours and hours of your time pretending to kill black people. And that, my friend, is a sentiment I can respect.

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  32. It would be respectable if not for the fact that he has already admitted that spending hours and hours of time pretending to kill white people elicits no emotional response.

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  33. Au contraire. You can't make generalizations when it comes to measures of taste.

    I laugh at dead baby jokes, but I can't bring myself to watch Austin Powers all the way through (I tried. Twice.). Both humours are pretty crude. I guess that makes me... agist? Or what?

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  34. Having been to Africa for several months (and yes, I am an average looking white guy - much like Reid) I can tell you that from my experience, racism is universal. People everywhere are racist, it's a societal norm. And NO, I am not saying that it is a good thing - It simply is. The sun is hot, the ocean is salty, people are racist.

    Racism stems from our biological tendency to be 'cautious' around groups we do not understand. As we mature (as individuals) we understand more about them and as a result are more at ease around them.
    Racism fades with experience (or the opposite, unfortunately)

    If *you* (that being whomever is reading this, not specifically Reid) go to a country in which your particular 'look' is not the norm, you WILL experience racism in one form or another. It may not be intentional, but you can expect that it will definitely happen.

    If I sound like an ass, so be it. This is what I have experienced, and anyone who has traveled to another continent will know what I am mean. If you haven't, you haven't traveled far enough.

    RE5 is as 'racist' as any other video game (and indeed any other form of media) out there. It is your choice to not play it. It is my choice to disagree with your point of view, and defend myself from the undead - of which I am racist towards. Cuz they want to eat my brains. I would aim for their heads regardless of their color.

    Just my two cents.

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  35. Kevin, that's not the point I was trying to make. The point I was making was that Reid only has problems killing scores of one demographic of people when they are black. That is much more racially insensitive than a game in Africa where black zombies are the primary enemies.

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  36. Kaaosa, I maintain that classifying enemies ONLY based on the colour of their skin is too much of a generalization.

    Context is everything. Killing well-armed Nazis and killing starving Africans are polar opposites for many more reasons than skin colour.

    If what you've chosen to take from this article is that Reid would decline to play any games featuring black people as enemies, then I think you've missed his point.

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  37. Speaking of which, everyone should play this game:

    http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/charles-barkley-shut-up-and-jam-gaiden/news/charles-barkley-shut-up-and-jam-gaiden/a-2008013012417485083/g-2008013012030512054

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